Towards a strategy for the control of Peste des Petits Ruminants in the Arabian Peninsula

FAO Sub-Regional Office for the Gulf Cooperation Council States and Yemen (SNG), the Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa (RNE), the Animal Production and Health Division, and the Country Programme Office in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) joined efforts for the organization of a Sub-Regional workshop aimed at formulating a strategy for the control of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in the Arabian Peninsula held in Riyadh between 1 and3 April.

Representatives from all member countries of SNG (Bahrain, KSA, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Yemen) together with a World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) representative, and FAO officers from RNE, SNG and Headquarters discussed the current epidemiological situation in the Arabian Peninsula, identified major knowledge gaps and research needs and agreed on key steps towards the development of a Sub-Regional strategy.

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Urinary Signs

• Ketonuria, ketones in urine or milk
• Hematuria, blood in urine
• Red or brown urine, pink
• Proteinuria, protein in urine
• Hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria
• Increased frequency of urination, pollakiuria
• Pneumaturia, air passed with urine
• Glucosuria
• Dysuria, difficult urination, stranguria
• Urinary incontinence, dribbling urine
• Polyuria, increased urine output
• Oliguria or anuria, retention of urine
• Palpable calculi, swelling or mass, bladder
• Crepitus bladder
• Enlarged, distended, urinary bladder
• Prolapsed bladder
• Palpable enlarged kidney, renomegaly
• Palpable small kidney
• Enlarged ureter

Reproductive Signs

• Anestrus, absence of reproductive cycle, no visible estrus
• Abnormal length estrus cycle, long, short, irregular interestrus period
• Abnormal length of estrus period, heat
• Vulval ulcers, vesicles, erosions, tears, cuts, pustules, papules
• Mucous discharge, vulvar, vaginal
• Purulent discharge, vulvar, vaginal
• Foul smelling discharge, vulvar, vaginal
• Vaginal or cervical ulcers, vesicles, erosions, tears, papules, pustules
• Necrosis, vagina, vulva
• Prolapsed vagina, vaginal eversion
• Purulent or mucoid discharge, cervix or uterus
• Absence of uterus and/or ovaries
• Enlarged uterus
• Decreased size, small, uterus, cervix
• Fluid in uterus
• Adhesions, uterus, ovary, cervix
• Mummy, mummified fetus
• Prolapsed uterus, cervix
• Crepitus, uterus, vagina, cervix
• Enlarged firm ovary, ovaries
• Enlarged fluctuent ovary, ovaries
• Decreased in size, small ovary, ovaries
• Female infertility, repeat breeder
• Small litter size
• Dystocia
• Abortion or weak newborns, stillbirth
• Retained placenta, fetal membranes
• Prolonged gestation
• Edema of mammary gland, udder
• Teat injury, cut, tear
• Mastitis, abnormal milk
• Bloody milk, red, pink, brown milk
• Galactorrhea, inappropriate milk production
• Cold mammary gland, cool udder
• Warm mammary gland, hot, heat, udder
• Slough of mammary gland, udder
• Obstruction of milk outflow
• Firm mammary gland, hard udder
• Agalactia, decreased, absent milk production
• Decreased, dropping, egg production
• Male infertility
• Lack of libido or erection
• Hemospermia, blood, red semen
• Papule, pustule, vesicle, ulcer penis or prepuce
• Cut tear injury penis
• Cut tear injury, scrotum, testes
• Cut tear injury prepuce
• Purulent discharge, penis or prepuce
• Prolapsed prepuce
• Deviation of penis
• Phimosis
• Paraphimosis or priapism, inability to retract penis
• Abnormal size testes/scrotum
• Absence, retained, testis, testes
• Heat on palpation scrotum, testes
• Heat on palpation prepuce
• Heat on palpation penis
• Soft, thin egg shell
• Defective, misshapen, soft, rough, absent egg shell
• Flabby egg yolk, thin albumin
• Decreased hatchability of eggs

Skin/Integumentary Signs

• Absence of skin
• Skin hyperpigmentation, excess pigment
• Skin hypopigmentation, decreased pigment, vitiligo
• Purulent discharge skin
• Foul odor skin, smell
• Skin erythema, inflammation, redness
• Pruritus, itching skin
• Enlarged feather follicles in birds
• Skin papules
• Skin pustules
• Skin vesicles, bullae, blisters
• Skin plaque
• Skin wheal, welt
• Skin edema
• Subcutaneous crepitation, skin emphysema
• Skin fistula, sinus
• Skin laceration, cut, tear, bite
• Skin ulcer, erosion, excoriation
• Skin or muscle dimple, depression, indentation
• Dryness of skin or hair
• Oily skin, hair or feathers, greasy
• Skin scales, flakes, peeling
• Skin crusts, scabs
• Skin necrosis, sloughing, gangrene
• Scarred skin
• Warm skin, hot, heat
• Cold skin, cool ears, extremities
• Hyperkeratosis, thick skin
• Thin skin, atrophied
• Hypotonic, wrinkled skin
• Hyperextensible hyperelastic skin
• Moist skin, hair or feathers
• Cracked skin, fissure
• Splitting nail, claw, hoof, breaking, brittle, cracked
• Overgrown nail, claw, hoof
• Nail, claw, hoof, abscess, ulcer, under-run
• Nail, claw, hoof sloughing, separation
• Claw, hoof separation at white line
• Syndactyly
• Polydactyly, ectrodactyly
• Defective growth of nail, claw, hoof
• Heat, nail, claw, hoof, hot, warm
• Cool nail, claw, hoof, cold
• Alopecia, thinning, shedding, easily epilated, loss of, hair
• Loss of feathers, loose feathers
• Soiling of the feathers, vent feathers
• Ruffled, ruffling of the feathers
• Soiling of the vent in birds
• Broken, damaged feathers
• Matted or dirty hair
• Excessive hair pigment, general or focal
• Decreased hair pigment, general or focal, poliosis
• Hypertrichosis, too much hair or failure of shedding
• Rough hair coat, dull, standing on end
• Excessively straight hair
• Excessively curly hair
• Parasite visible, skin, hair, feathers

Respiratory Signs

• Nasal mucosal ulcers, vesicles, erosions, cuts, tears, papules, pustules
• Epistaxis, nosebleed, nasal hemorrhage, bleeding
• Purulent nasal discharge
• Mucoid nasal discharge, serous, watery
• Ingesta in nasal passage
• Abnormal breath odor, foul odor mouth
• Dullness on percussion sinus
• Dyspnea, difficult, open mouth breathing, grunt, gasping
• Increased respiratory rate, polypnea, tachypnea, hyperpnea
• Decreased respiratory rate
• Sneezing, sneeze
• Coughing, coughs
• Hemoptysis coughing up blood
• Abnormal breathing sounds of the upper airway, stridor, airflow obstruction, stertor, Snoring
• Abnormal lung or pleural sounds, rales, crackles, wheezes, friction rubs
• Decreased, muffled, lung sounds, absent respiratory sounds
• Change in voice, vocal strength
• Hoarse chirp in birds
• Enlarged lung on percussion of chest, thorax
• Dull areas on percussion of chest, thorax
• Ping on percussion of chest, thorax

Pain/Discomfort Signs

• Pain, head, face, jaw, ears
• Ocular pain, eye
• Mouth, oral mucosal or tongue pain
• Pain, neck, cervical, throat
• Pain, pharynx, larynx, trachea
• Back pain
• Pain, tail, anus, perineum
• Pain on external abdominal pressure
• Colic, abdominal pain
• Pain, umbilicus
• Pain, chest, thorax, ribs, sternum
• Pain, kidney, ureters, on palpation
• Pain, vulva, vagina
• Pain, cloacal area
• Pain mammary gland, udder
• Pain, penis
• Pain, scrotum
• Pain, testes
• Pain, prepuce
• Pain, seminal vesicles
• Pain, prostate
• Skin pain
• Pelvic or hip pain
• Forelimb pain, front leg
• Forefoot pain, front foot
• Hindlimb pain, hind leg
• Hindfoot pain, rear foot
• Pain of the limbs, legs, foot, feet in birds

Nervous Signs

• Tremor
• Coma, stupor
• Disoriented, memory loss
• Head tilt
• Circling
• Head pressing
• Propulsion, aimless wandering
• Constant or increased vocalization
• Hyperesthesia, irritable, hyperactive
• Abnormal behavior, aggression, changing habits
• Dullness, depression, lethargy, depressed, lethargic, listless
• Excitement, delirium, mania
• Seizures or syncope, convulsions, fits, collapse
• Tetany
• Head shaking,headshaking
• Excessive or decreased sleeping
• Head, face, neck, tongue hypoesthesia, anesthesia
• Thoracic or abdominal hypoesthesia, anesthesia chest, ribs, abdomen
• Back hypoesthesia, anesthesia
• Tail, anal hypoesthesia, anesthesia perineum, anus
• Forelimb hypoesthesia, anesthesia front leg
• Hindlimb hypoesthesia, anesthesia rear leg
• Muscle hypotonia
• Hypertonia of muscles, myotonia
• Abnormal hindlimb reflexes, increased or decreased
• Abnormal forelimb reflexes, increased or decreased
• Abnormal anal, perineal, tail reflexes, increased or decreased
• Abnormal panniculus reflex, increased or decreased